Thursday, April 5, 2018

Power Control

 
What is power control and why do we need it?
 
Power control is the process of controlling the uplink and downlink power to the minimum level while ensuring/ maintaining good QoS (Quality of Service). It can be done both by UE or UTRAN (NodeB & RNC).
 
The mechanism is to adjust and control the power of transmit signals according to the changes of radio environment and the quality of receive signals.

Improve the system capacity & ensures the QoS.
 
 
There are four types of power control.
 
  • Open-loop power control:
    • Applicable in both UL and DL.
    • It sets the initial uplink and downlink transmit power.
    • Open-loop power control is used on physical channel such as PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel), DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel).
  • Inner-loop power control:
    • Applicable in both UL and DL.
    • It directly adjusts the uplink and downlink transmit power using power control commands.
    • The inner loop power control is performed by each UE and NodeB with the frequency of 1500 times per second (1.5 kHz).
  • Outer-loop power control:
    • Applicable in UL and DL.
    • It indirectly controls the uplink and downlink transmit power by increasing or decreasing the target SIR value.
  • DL power balance:
    • It is used to reduce the downlink power drifting of a given UE during soft handover.

*** 

  1. In the uplink, if a UE near the NodeB has too large a transmit power, it may cause great interference to other UEs on the edge of the cell or even block the whole cell. This is called near-far effect. In that case, uplink power control is needed.
  2. In the downlink, the system capacity is determined by the total required code power for each connection. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the transmit power at the lowest level while ensuring signal quality at the receiving end for each UE. In that case, the downlink power control is needed.
  3. Power control can be used against shadow fading and fast fading.
  4. Power control can increase system capacity.
  5. Power control for power drifting can improve the soft handover performance in
    the downlink.
 
Later will explain in what type of scenario we use each of them.
 

Monday, April 2, 2018

Logical, Transport & Physical Channels in LTE


All these channels help UE to establish the connection with the eNodeB, maintain the connection and terminate the same.  

Logical channels
  • Characterized by the information that is transferred (what kind information).
  • Provide services for the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer within the LTE protocol structure.
Transport channels 
  • Characterized by how the data are transferred over the radio interface (way/ method data is being transmitted).
  • The physical layer transport channels offer information transfer to Medium Access Control (MAC) and higher layers. 
Physical channel
  • These are transmission channels that carry user data and control messages.
  • Corresponds to a set of resource elements used by the physical layer. Channels are further divided into control channel (signalling) and traffic channel (user/data) at logical channel stage.

Physical Channels

PDSCH - Physical Downlink Shared Channel, mainly used to carry high speed data/multimedia information. Can be either QPSK/16QAM/64QAM.

PDCCH - Physical Downlink Control Channel, mainly used to carry UE specific control information. It will have QPSK modulation used. It is mapped on resource elements (REs) in first 3 OFDM symbols in the first slot of sub-frame.

CCPCH - Common Control Physical Channel, carries cell-wide control information. QPSK is used. CCPCH is transmitted exclusively on 72 sub-carriers centered around DC carrier.
 
Physical Signals

Physical signals do not convey L2/L3 layer information, but mainly used for synchronization and channel estimation purpose. RS is used for estimating channel response. P-SS and S-SS synchronization signals used for determining network frame timing information i.e. start of the information.
 
Transport Channels
  • Downlink and Uplink transport channels carry L2/L3 information. 
  • It also configures LTE PHY layer. 
  • It sends status information such as packet error and CQI to upper layers. 
  • Also supports peer-peer signaling between higher layers. 
 
Based on broadcast, unicast or multicast concept different transport channels exist. 
 
Downlink channels include BCH (broadcast channel), DL-SCH( downlink shared channel, to multiple mobile subscribers or UEs), PCH (paging channel, used for UE DRX and broadcasted over entire cell ), MCH (multicast channel, transmitted over entire cell).  
 
Uplink channels include RACH (Random Access Channel), UL-SCH(Uplink Shared Channel).
 
Uplink PRBs (Physical Resource Blocks) are assigned to UE by eNodeB scheduler. 
 
PUSCH is used and shared by multiple UEs to carry upper layer information towards eNodeB. It will employ QPSK/16QAM/64QAM modulation types.

LTE Terminology


eNB or eNodeB 
  • It is similar to Base Station in GSM networks and NodeB in WCDMA.
  • Prefix "e" stands for evolved.
UE 
  • User equipment. Could be handphone, tablet, datacard. It is similar to mobile subscriber (MS) in GSM environment.

OFDMA
  • Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access.
  • Is a technique for transmitting large amounts of digital data over a radio wave by splitting the radio signal into multiple smaller sub-signals that are then transmitted simultaneously at different frequencies to the receiver.
  • Used in physical layer of LTE Downlink. 
  • It is digital modulation scheme & better in dealing with multi-path effect in radio transmission.
SC-FDMA
  • Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access.
  • Used in physical layer of LTE Uplink due to low PAPR (Peak to Average Power) ratio.
  • This increases the efficiency of power amplifier and hence increases the battery life
LTE Frame
  • LTE frame are of 2 types FDD (Type 1) and TDD (Type 2). 
  • In both the cases, frame is composed of 10 sub frames and each sub frame is made of 2 slots. Frame size is 10ms.
Resource Block (RB)
  • The smallest block of resource that can be allocated to UE by eNB; 
  • It is 12 sub-carriers for 7 symbols (Normal CP); 6 symbols (Extended CP)
  • LTE Bandwidth (1.4KHz=6RB, 3MHz=15RB, 5MHz=25RB, 10MHz=50RB, 15MHz=75RB and 20MHz=100RB) 
Resource Element (RE)
  • The smallest unit of radio resources, one sub-carrier for one symbol.
Slot
  • 7 consecutive symbols for short Cyclic Prefix (Normal CP), 6 symbols for long cyclic prefix (Extended CP).
Sub-frame
  • 2 consecutive timeslots.
  • Each timeslot has 0.5ms. 
Reference Signal
  • Similar to pilot carrier and is used for channel estimation at the receiver.
PCI
  • Physical Cell Identity/ Identifier.
  • Provide value for identifying eNodeBs.
  • Created from two components; PSS & SSS
  • PSS has the value 0, 1, or 2 (total 3)
  • SSS can have a value between 0 to 167 (total 168)
  • The PCI value is [(3(SSS)+PSS], resulting in a value between 0 - 503 (total is 504, coming from 168*3).
  • PCI needs to plan very well to avoid high interruption of the Reference Signal (RS) which may result towards bad signal coverage. 
  • Poor planning results in PCI conflicts or collisions which impact network performance.
 Synchronization signal
  • Is used as preamble sequence in LTE for synchronization purpose.
  • There are two synchronization signals, Primary (PSS) and Secondary SSS). 
  • Primary Synchronization Signal: Determine Cell ID in a cell group 
  • Secondary Synchronization Signal: Determine cell group ID
  • Both are transmitted in slot 0 and slot 10 in all the frames. 
  • It is same as preamble used in earlier systems and used for time, frequency synchronization purpose.
  • 168 physical layer cell group & each group consist of 3 ID. Total is 504. That's make it the PCI (0-503). The PCI value is determined by [(3x SSS)+(PSS)].
  • In 3G, PSC consists of 512 (0-511)  
P-SS
  • Primary Synchronization Signal
  • Is used for initial synchronization
  • Determine Cell ID in a Cell Group
S-SS
  • Secondary Synchronization Signal
  • S-SS is used for frame boundary determination
  • First signal transmitted upon access network
  • Determine the Cell Group ID
S-GW
  • Serving Gateway
  • For user plane/ data plane
  • Also the interface to MME during CSFB 
MME
  • Mobility Management Entity
  • For control plane 
X2 Interface
  • Interface between eNodeB and eNodeB.
S1 Interface
  • Interface between eNodeB and core network interface (MME/S-GW).
Uu Interface
  • Interface between UE and eNodeB.
Control channel
  • This channel carry the information to control, make, maintain and terminate the connection. 
  • Used for the transfer of control plane information in LTE.
Data channel
  • This channel carry traffic information. 
  • Used for the transfer of user plane information.
PBCH
  • Physical Broadcast Channel.
  • It carries only MIB (Master Information Block)
  • It uses QPSK modulation.
PDSCH
  • Physical Downlink Shared Channel. It's RB is shared among all other active connections.
  • Used to transmit paging message, RRC signalling messages (Signalling radio bearer will use this channel) and transfer application data.
  • It also broadcast information that are not transmitted on the PBCH which include System Information Blocks (SIB). 
  • This channel uses QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM modulation types (based on adaptation algorithm by eNodeB - depending on radio condition & buffer capacity).
  • For SIB and Paging, it uses QPSK (the most robust scheme).
PDCCH
  • Physical Downlink Control Channel.
  • Used to carry DCI (Downlink Control Information) - information about number of OFDMA symbols used after decoding PCFICH.
  • Normally, a maximum of three or four OFDM symbols can be used for PDCCH.
  • These symbols are always at the start of each sub-frame.
  • This channel also used to inform the UE about the resource allocation of PCH (paging channel) & DL-SCH (downlink shared channel).
  • Among other function, indicating the modulation, coding and hybrid-ARQ (HARQ) information related to DL-SCH.
  • It uses QPSK modulation .
PCFICH
  • Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
  • Physical Channel that carries CFI (Control Format Indicator)
  • CFI is a indicator telling how many OFDM symbols are used for carrying control channel (e.g, PDCCH and PHICH) at each sub-frame.
  • If CFI is set to be 1 for a sub-frame, it means one symbol (the first symbol) at the sub-frame is used for PDCCH allocation. If CFI is 2, it means two symbols (the first and the second symbol) are used for PDCCH and so on.
  •  
PHICH
  • Physical Hybrid ARQ Indication Channel.
  • A control channel on LTE downlink.
  • Used to indicate the reception of PUSCH transmission from a mobile/UE. 
  • The PHICH indicates either "ACK" or "NACK", which the UE will decode to find out if
    Carries Hybrid ARQ ACK/NAKs in response to uplink transmissions (whether re-transmission is required or not). 
  • Uplink transmission -> from UE to network.
PCH
  • Paging channel
  • It carries RRC paging message (RRC procedure) using RLC (radio link control) and PCCH (physical control channel)
  • The RRC procedure is a procedure to waking up the UE which is Idle (RRC Idle state) using paging cycle (part of SIB2).
  • If there is any Paging for it then it will react to it by triggering a RRC connection request message. If no Paging, then it will cont to sleep (saving resources & UE battery).
  • Mean, it support the UE discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable UE power saving (DRX cycle is indicated by the network to the UE).
RS
  • Reference Signal, used both in uplink and downlink
  • Only exist at PHY layer.
  • Used as pilot subcarrier in LTE for channel estimation and tracking.
  • Is not for delivering any specific information.
  • The main purpose is to deliver the reference point for the downlink power. 
  • RS are of two types viz. Demodulation RS (DRS) and Sounding RS (SRS)
SRS
  • Sounding Reference Signal, used in uplink only.
  • SRS is used for channel quality estimation purpose
  • Used to estimate UL channel quality and provide input to UL scheduler, as well as help timing advance.
DMRS
  • Demodulation Reference Signal, used both in uplink and downlink.
  • DRS is used for sync and channel estimation purpose
  • This is a reference signal for PUSCH implying that eNodeB would not be able to decode PUSCH if this PUSCH DMRS is bad.
  • PUSCH DMRS always takes up the center symbol of a slot (meaning symbol 3 and symbol 10 of a UL sub-frame). 
PRACH
  • Physical Random Access Channel used in uplink
  • Carries the random access preamble.
PUSCH
  • Physical Uplink Shared Channel
  • Carries the UL-SCH.
PUCCH
  • Physical Uplink Control Channel
  • Carries Hybrid ARQ ACK/NAKs in response to downlink transmission (network to UE);
    - Carries Scheduling Request (SR);
    - Carries CQI reports.
  •  


 to be cont..

LTE Frame Structure


LTE Frame Structure:
  • Type 1 - FDD
  • Type 2 - TDD

Type 1 LTE Frame Structure
  • The basic type 1 LTE frame has an overall length of 10ms
  • This radio frame consists of 10 sub-frame, for each 1ms each sub-frame.
  • Each sub-frames has 2 slots (total 20 slots)
  • Each slot is 0.5ms


Type 2 LTE Frame Structure 
  • The 10 ms frame (1 radio frame) comprises two half frames, each 5 ms long. 
  • First half-frame is 0 - 4, second half-frame is from 5 - 9.
  • Each sub-frames has 2 slots (total 20 slots) wt 0.5ms for each slot.
  • The half-frames are further split into five sub-frames, each 1ms long.
  • The sub-frames may be divided into standard sub-frames of special sub-frames. The special sub-frames consist of three fields;

        DwPTS - Downlink Pilot Time Slot
        GP - Guard Period
        UpPTS - Uplink Pilot Time Stot.



What is the difference between FDD and TDD?

  
FDD
  • Different freq. assigned to UL and DL.
  • Transmission can happen at the same time.
  • More for coverage.
  • Easy to deploy & less expensive.
  • Very popular among major operator.
 
TDD
  • Same frequency for both UL and DL.
  • Transmission at different time period.
  • More for capacity.
  • Difficult to deploy & quite expensive.

Sunday, April 1, 2018

CQI


What is CQI?

  • Channel Quality Indicator/ Index (CQI). It an indicator of channel quality. 
  • It is an information that UE send to network based on network quality.
  • Physical channel that carry this information/ report measurement is:
    • PUCCH (if Periodic CQI)
    • PUSCH (if Not Periodic).
  • In HSDPA, CQI ranging from (0-30). 
  • In LTE it ranges from (0-15). 
  • The higher number the better quality; 0, 1 is the poorest quality. 
  • If network gets high CQI, it transmits larger transport block size & vice versa.
  • Some situation like network send larger transport block size even though UE reports low CQI: This probably due to UE failed to decode it (CRC error on UE side). Due to this error, UE send a NACK message to network & network has to re-transmit it which cause more & more block size transmitted (wasting radio resources).
  • Same explanation if UE reports good CQI, but network transmit small block size.
 
  
Factors that play important roles in report measurement: 
  • Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
  • Signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR)
  • Signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio (SNDR)


Thursday, March 29, 2018

Frequency Reuse


What is frequency reuse?

  • Frequency reuse is the process of using the same radio frequencies on the radio transmitter within a geographic area that are separated by sufficient distance to cause minimal interference with each other.

Why do we need to re-use frequency?
  • To improve coverage & capacity in cellular systems by reducing interference.

How distance between two cells are calculated?
  • D=R*(3N)^1/2
D: Distance
R: Cell radius
N: Number of cell per cluster

  • Reuse factor
    • D/R=3N^1/2

As user increases, channel capacity decreases. Two techniques to improve channel capacity:
  • Cell Splitting 
  • Cell Sectoring

What is Cell Splitting?
  • Process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cell 
  • Reducing the size of cell, the smaller cell cover less area so that more cells required to cover more area 
  • Limitation: Handovers are frequent, channel assignments more difficult 
  • Solution: Umbrella approach (making sure all area covered well)

What is Cell Sectoring?
  • Process of replacing an omni to directional (bi-direction) antenna at the base station 
  • Kinda process of implementing ICIC (Inter Cell Interference Coordination) 
  • Process to change interference distribution as well as to improve the throughput on the edge of cell.  
  • Reason: To overcome some limitation like co-channel interference 
  • Advantages: Improve S/I ratio, reduce interference, increase capacity, enable to reduce cluster size, freedom in assigning channel. 
  • Limitation: Number of antenna at base station increase, decrease in trunk efficiency, loss of traffic, no of handover also increase (since sectoring reduce the coverage area of particular group of channels. 
 
 * Frequency reuse is part of Cell Planning (Frequency Planning)


The general process
of LTE Network Design.   
  • Information collection 
  • Network dimensioning
  • Network detailed design
  • Cell Planning

Under Cell Planning, there are:

  1. Frequency Planning 
  2. Cell ID Planning 
  3. TA Planning 
  4. PCI Planning 
  5. Neighbor Cell Planning 
  6. X2 Planning 
  7. PRACH Planning

to be cont.


**The reason why I choose this topic is because of the interview yesterday :)
 
 

Setting CS + PS Mode on Samsung Galaxy Note 4


How to set PS mode only 
  • Go to dialler and type *#9090#
  • Tap menu and choose back 
  • Tap menu again and choose key input and type Q 
  • Tap menu again and choose key input and enter input 00002112113 
  • Wait for about 15s, and there should be information that SELECT NET_SVC_DOMAIN_PS_ONLY 
  • Tap menu again and choose close.

How to set CS+PS mode

  • Go to dialler and type *#9090# 
  • Tap menu and choose back 
  • Tap menu again and choose key input and type Q 
  • Tap menu again and choose key input and enter input 00002112111 
  • Wait for about 15s, and there should be information that SELECT NET_SVC_DOMAIN_PS_ONLY 
  • Tap menu again and choose close.

Note**
Please follow instruction given accordingly.
 

Tap menu can be found at top right after entering *#9090#
Please disconnect UE from Nemo Outdoor or Exit Nemo Handy before performing steps above. Restart the UE every each setup either PS only or CS+PS mode.

Thank you.

Multiplexing & Multiple Access


Multiplexing
  • Is the process of combining multiple signals and transmitting them over a common channel.

 Multiple Access
  • When multiplexing is used to allow multiples users to communicate over a single common channel, we call it multiple access. There are several way by which we can use Multiple Access Technique such as TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, W-CDMA, SDMA, OFDMA, SCMA.

The main reason of introduction a variety of access techniques is to overcome issues faced in earlier generation such as; 
  • Low Throughput
  • Low Spectral efficiency
  • Resource wastage and many more.

50 Common Interview Questions And Answers


Assalamualaikum w.b.t & Good Evening,

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. 

How are you guys? Hopefully everyone is fine. As I am writing right now, the time is 10.40PM. Well, my mood of writing at this moment is not really encouraging yet somehow I feel obliged to share something (tips & guide) that I think is very useful especially for those who are still looking for a job right now including me. Ironically, I never apply to myself this kinda stuff..haha. For this, I strongly advise, you guys don't follow me.

Discretion, this is not coming from me. I found it in my laptop and I don't know from where I got it. Happy reading. 

Below is 50 Common Interview Questions And Answers for your review.

***

1.    Tell me about yourself:
  • The most often asked question in interviews. You need to have a short statement prepared in your mind. Be careful that it does not sound rehearsed. Limit it to work-related items unless instructed otherwise. Talk about things you have done and jobs you have held that relate to the position you are interviewing for. Start with the item farthest back and work up to the present.

2.    Why did you leave your last job?
  • Stay positive regardless of the circumstances. Never refer to a major problem with management and never speak ill of supervisors, co-workers or the organization. If you do, you will be the one looking bad. Keep smiling and talk about leaving for a positive reason such as an opportunity, a chance to do something special or other forward-looking reasons.

3.    What experience do you have in this field?
  • Speak about specifics that relate to the position you are applying for. If you do not have specific experience, get as close as you can.

4.    Do you consider yourself successful?
  • You should always answer yes and briefly explain why. A good explanation is that you have set goals, and you have met some and are on track to achieve the others.

5.    What do co-workers say about you?
  • Be prepared with a quote or two from co-workers. Either a specific statement or a paraphrase will work. Jill Clark, a co-worker at Smith Company, always said I was the hardest workers she had ever known. It is as powerful as Jill having said it at the interview herself.

6.    What do you know about this organization?
  • This question is one reason to do some research on the organization before the interview. Find out where they have been and where they are going. What are the current issues and who are the major players?

7.    What have you done to improve your knowledge in the last year?
  • Try to include improvement activities that relate to the job. A wide variety of activities can be mentioned as positive self-improvement. Have some good ones handy to mention.

8.    Are you applying for other jobs?
  • Be honest but do not spend a lot of time in this area. Keep the focus on this job and what you can do for this organization. Anything else is a distraction.

9.    Why do you want to work for this organization?
  • This may take some thought and certainly, should be based on the research you have done on the organization. Sincerity is extremely important here and will easily be sensed. Relate it to your long-term career goals.

10.    Do you know anyone who works for us?
  • Be aware of the policy on relatives working for the organization. This can affect your answer even though they asked about friends not relatives. Be careful to mention a friend only if they are well thought of.

11.    What kind of salary do you need?
  • A loaded question. A nasty little game that you will probably lose if you answer first. So, do not answer it. Instead, say something like, That's a tough question. Can you tell me the range for this position? In most cases, the interviewer, taken off guard, will tell you. If not, say that it can depend on the details of the job. Then give a wide range.

12.    Are you a team player?
  • You are, of course, a team player. Be sure to have examples ready. Specifics that show you often perform for the good of the team rather than for yourself are good evidence of your team attitude. Do not brag, just say it in a matter-of-fact tone. This is a key point.

13.    How long would you expect to work for us if hired?
  • Specifics here are not good. Something like this should work: I'd like it to be a long time. Or As long as we both feel I'm doing a good job.

14.    Have you ever had to fire anyone? How did you feel about that?
  • This is serious. Do not make light of it or in any way seem like you like to fire people. At the same time, you will do it when it is the right thing to do. When it comes to the organization versus the individual who has created a harmful situation, you will protect the organization. Remember firing is not the same as layoff or reduction in force.

15.    What is your philosophy towards work?
  • The interviewer is not looking for a long or flowery dissertation here. Do you have strong feelings that the job gets done? Yes. That's the type of answer that works best here. Short and positive, showing a benefit to the organization.

16.    If you had enough money to retire right now, would you?
  • Answer yes if you would. But since you need to work, this is the type of work you prefer. Do not say yes if you do not mean it.

17.    Have you ever been asked to leave a position?
  • If you have not, say no. If you have, be honest, brief and avoid saying negative things about the people or organization involved.

18.    Explain how you would be an asset to this organization
  • You should be anxious for this question. It gives you a chance to highlight your best points as they relate to the position being discussed. Give a little advance thought to this relationship.

19.    Why should we hire you?
  • Point out how your assets meet what the organization needs. Do not mention any other candidates to make a comparison.

20.    Tell me about a suggestion you have made
  • Have a good one ready. Be sure and use a suggestion that was accepted and was then considered successful. One related to the type of work applied for is a real plus.

21.    What irritates you about co-workers?
  • This is a trap question. Think real hard but fail to come up with anything that irritates you. A short statement that you seem to get along with folks is great.

22.    What is your greatest strength?
  • Numerous answers are good, just stay positive. A few good examples: Your ability to prioritize, Your problem-solving skills, Your ability to work under pressure, Your ability to focus on projects, Your professional expertise, Your leadership skills, Your positive attitude .

23.    Tell me about your dream job.
  • Stay away from a specific job. You cannot win. If you say the job you are contending for is it, you strain credibility. If you say another job is it, you plant the suspicion that you will be dissatisfied with this position if hired. The best is to stay genetic and say something like: A job where I love the work, like the people, can contribute and can't wait to get to work.

24.    Why do you think you would do well at this job?
  • Give several reasons and include skills, experience and interest.

25.    What are you looking for in a job?
  • See answer # 23

26.    What kind of person would you refuse to work with?
  • Do not be trivial. It would take disloyalty to the organization, violence or lawbreaking to get you to object. Minor objections will label you as a whiner.

27.    What is more important to you: the money or the work?
  • Money is always important, but the work is the most important. There is no better answer.

28.    What would your previous supervisor say your strongest point is?
  • There are numerous good possibilities: Loyalty, Energy, Positive attitude, Leadership, Team player, Expertise, Initiative, Patience, Hard work, Creativity, Problem solver

29.    Tell me about a problem you had with a supervisor
  • Biggest trap of all. This is a test to see if you will speak ill of your boss. If you fall for it and tell about a problem with a former boss, you may well below the interview right there. Stay positive and develop a poor memory about any trouble with a supervisor.

30.    What has disappointed you about a job?
  • Don't get trivial or negative. Safe areas are few but can include: Not enough of a challenge. You were laid off in a reduction Company did not win a contract, which would have given you more responsibility.

31.    Tell me about your ability to work under pressure.
  • You may say that you thrive under certain types of pressure. Give an example that relates to the type of position applied for.

32.    Do your skills match this job or another job more closely?
  • Probably this one. Do not give fuel to the suspicion that you may want another job more than this one.

33.    What motivates you to do your best on the job?
  • This is a personal trait that only you can say, but good examples are: Challenge, Achievement, Recognition

34.    Are you willing to work overtime? Nights? Weekends?
  • This is up to you. Be totally honest.

35.    How would you know you were successful on this job?
  • Several ways are good measures: You set high standards for yourself and meet them. Your outcomes are a success.Your boss tell you that you are successful

36.    Would you be willing to relocate if required?
  • You should be clear on this with your family prior to the interview if you think there is a chance it may come up. Do not say yes just to get the job if the real answer is no. This can create a lot of problems later on in your career. Be honest at this point and save yourself future grief.

37.    Are you willing to put the interests of the organization ahead of your own? This is a straight loyalty and dedication question. Do not worry about the deep ethical and philosophical implications. 
  • Just say yes.

38.    Describe your management style.
  • Try to avoid labels. Some of the more common labels, like progressive, salesman or consensus, can have several meanings or descriptions depending on which management expert you listen to. The situational style is safe, because it says you will manage according to the situation, instead of one size fits all.

39.    What have you learned from mistakes on the job?
  • Here you have to come up with something or you strain credibility. Make it small, well intention mistake with a positive lesson learned. An example would be working too far ahead of colleagues on a project and thus throwing coordination off.

40.    Do you have any blind spots?
  • Trick question. If you know about blind spots, they are no longer blind spots. Do not reveal any personal areas of concern here. Let them do their own discovery on your bad points. Do not hand it to them.

41.    If you were hiring a person for this job, what would you look for?
  • Be careful to mention traits that are needed and that you have.

42.    Do you think you are overqualified for this position?
  • Regardless of your qualifications, state that you are very well qualified for the position.

43.    How do you propose to compensate for your lack of experience?
  • First, if you have experience that the interviewer does not know about, bring that up: Then, point out (if true) that you are a hard working quick learner.

44.    What qualities do you look for in a boss?
  • Be generic and positive. Safe qualities are knowledgeable, a sense of humor, fair, loyal to subordinates and holder of high standards. All bosses think they have these traits.

45.    Tell me about a time when you helped resolve a dispute between others.
  • Pick a specific incident. Concentrate on your problem solving technique and not the dispute you settled.

46.    What position do you prefer on a team working on a project?
  • Be honest. If you are comfortable in different roles, point that out.

47.    Describe your work ethic.
  • Emphasize benefits to the organization. Things like, determination to get the job done and work hard but enjoy your work are good.

48.    What has been your biggest professional disappointment?
  • Be sure that you refer to something that was beyond your control. Show acceptance and no negative feelings.

49.    Tell me about the most fun you have had on the job.
  • Talk about having fun by accomplishing something for the organization.

50.    Do you have any questions for me?
  • Always have some questions prepared. Questions prepared where you will be an asset to the organization are good. How soon will I be able to be productive? and What type of projects will I be able to assist on? are examples.

Cherios!!

IoT (Internet of Things) - Part 1


Assalamualaikum w.b.t & Good Afternoon,

This morning, a friend of mine, Mr Taufiq Sani suggested me to post something about IoT (Internet of Things) or The Net of Things. Initially, I want to write this afternoon soon after I return home from my interview, but due to "mengantuk yg amat tadi" the idea of writing has been postponed to now. The time now is 05.20PM. Though the topic is something not really interesting to me. But it's okay. Just put some idea.

Speaking of IoT, this is my opinion. It's open to your suggestion, addition or to some extent, deletion. Feel free to comment below.

What is exactly the IoT and what is the importance as well as anything we need to concern about it.

What is IoT
  • The internet of things isn’t new. It's has been discussed officially in one conference in 1989 (lupa kat mana). In facts, it has been talked for many years before that. 
  • By definition, the IoT is every things/ devices/ appliances that connected to the internet. Those devices have sensors (gathers data), actuator (make physical changes/ response to the command given) and embedded system (e.g IC circuit, processor, switch, power etc.).
  • In other word, it's smart device due to the capability to interact and respond upon trigger/ request.
  • It is also an extension of the internet into the physical world. 
  • IoT in Tech is an evolution while IoT in business is a revolution. (Forbes magazine)
  • It's a big part of 5G, broadband experience everywhere/ anytime. Meaning it can be controlled remotely from any part in the world as long as we have internet connection.
  • Often people misunderstood with IoT. They thought all IoT devices are something that carry prefix name "Smart" in front like Smart TV, Smart Fridge, Smart House. It's not exactly what it means. The reality is, it's more than that.

Three types of our products.
  • Smart products -> Already in our life for over half of century. Simply just having an embedded device, doesn't create that much value.
  • Connected products -> Have been around for a long time too. However the value associated is debatable. Simply just being able to connect your, let's say TV, radio, dryer to our smartphone. That's all.
  • IoT products -> We can do a lot more value to our products. Simply put, it's the combination of Smart & Connected. A step further from Smart and Connected products.

Here is the basic understanding of IoT
  • Programming 
  • IT networking
  • Data Analytics 
  • Your Interest to know about IoT

In term of Engineering Point of View (like OSI layer in telco, isn't it?)
  • Application 
  • Presentation 
  • Session 
  • Transport 
  • Network 
  • Data Link 
  • Physical

Design View (Designer or System Integrator)
  • Front end (user touch points) -> For the users 
  • Enabling infrastructure -> All the enabling technologies (interface medium)
  • Back End (admin touch point) -> For the actual customers

Business View Perspective
  • Software-defined product 
  • Hardware-defined product 
  • Network fabric 
  • External system interface

 What the benefits of it
  • It ease our life; be it in office or home. Improving our living standard
  • Saving cost, time & money
  • Scalability (capable to be scale, resize)
  • Security 
  • Flexibility 
  • Ecosystem 

Is it really safe. Do we have nothing to worry about?
  • What do you think? To me, everything new and glossy has downsides, security and privacy square measure the most important challenges for IoT. of these devices.
  • The vast amount of data transmitted/ sent over to the database will be stolen/ picked up by the bad/ irresponsible people for exploitation/ victimization purpose.
  • Despite multiple layer of security has been added/ introduced over the recent years, the issue of security & safety remain floating. Question marks still there.
  • It still definitely not hack-proof against any massive & sophisticated hacking activity.

 to be cont..